Adjective:
An adjective is a part of speech (word) that modifies a noun or a pronoun by qualifying, specifying or describing it.
Adjective বলতে এমন এক ধরণের শব্দমালাকে বোঝায় যারা কোন Noun বা Pronoun এর যোগ্যতা, স্বতন্ত্রতা, বা বর্ণনা সম্পর্কে ধারণা দিয়ে থাকে।
Generally an adjective modifies a noun by answering one of these following questions:
Which? What kind? How many?
Example:
- Foxes are cunning animal. (Answer the question “What king of animal?”)
- Five or six gunmen attack the area. (Answer the question “How many gunmen?”)
- The one eyed man tells him the story. (Answer the question “Which man?”)
Adjective Classification:
Following are the different types of adjectives
Expresses the qualities of something or someone.
Such as great, good, bad, wise, poor, nice, happy, pretty, angry, blue, etc.
Example:
- He gives me a great idea.
- Mr. Ram is a good person.
- He is a bad guy.
Adjective of quality answer the question: what kind?
ii. Quantitative Adjective or Adjective of quantity:
Expresses or indicates the quantity of a noun or pronoun.
Such as some, little, much, enough, whole, sufficient, all, none, more, half, no, etc.
Example:
- I have enough money to but he car.
- The whole countrymen congratulated the president.
- She wants all the money.
Adjective of quantity answer the question: How many or much?
iii. Numeric or Adjective of number:
Express the number or order of something or someone. Such as one, two, three, ………., first, second, third, ……………, single, double, triple, quadruple, twofold, threefold, five fold, ………… etc.
Example:
- He can eat ten eggs at a time.
- She is the first girl in the class.
- The house owner does not rent the room to the single person.
Adjective of number is to types Definite and Indefinite.
Definite Numeric adjectives are of three kinds.
Such as
- Cardinal (one, two, ….),
- Ordinal (first, second, ……),
- Multiplicative (Single, double, ……..)
iv. Demonstrative Adjective:
Specifies noun or pronoun. Such as this, that, those, these etc.
Example:
- This boy is good.
- That is her room.
- These are the book to follow.
v. Distributive Adjective:
Express the distributive state of nouns. Such as every, each, neither, either, both etc.
Example:
- Every movie in the series is popular.
- Both the boys are appreciated by them.
- Each person will get the reward.
vi. Possessive Adjective:
Shows the possession or belongingness in the sentence. Such as his, her, him, my, our, your, their, etc.
Example:
- This is her cell phone.
- I have seen their house.
- Our house is tow stored house.
vii. Interrogative Adjective:
Interrogative Adjective modifies nouns in interrogative sentence. Such as which, what, whose, etc.
Example:
- What kind of man he is?
- Whose phone is this?
- Which program are you listening?
An adjective is a part of speech (word) that modifies a noun or a pronoun by qualifying, specifying or describing it.
Adjective বলতে এমন এক ধরণের শব্দমালাকে বোঝায় যারা কোন Noun বা Pronoun এর যোগ্যতা, স্বতন্ত্রতা, বা বর্ণনা সম্পর্কে ধারণা দিয়ে থাকে।
Generally an adjective modifies a noun by answering one of these following questions:
Which? What kind? How many?
Example:
- Foxes are cunning animal. (Answer the question “What king of animal?”)
- Five or six gunmen attack the area. (Answer the question “How many gunmen?”)
- The one eyed man tells him the story. (Answer the question “Which man?”)
Adjective Classification:
Following are the different types of adjectives
- Qualitative Adjective or Descriptive Adjective or Adjective of quality
- Quantitative Adjective or Adjective of quantity
- Numeric Adjective or Adjective of Number
- Demonstrative Adjective
- Distributive Adjective
- Possessive Adjective
- Interrogative Adjective
Expresses the qualities of something or someone.
Such as great, good, bad, wise, poor, nice, happy, pretty, angry, blue, etc.
Example:
- He gives me a great idea.
- Mr. Ram is a good person.
- He is a bad guy.
Adjective of quality answer the question: what kind?
ii. Quantitative Adjective or Adjective of quantity:
Expresses or indicates the quantity of a noun or pronoun.
Such as some, little, much, enough, whole, sufficient, all, none, more, half, no, etc.
Example:
- I have enough money to but he car.
- The whole countrymen congratulated the president.
- She wants all the money.
Adjective of quantity answer the question: How many or much?
iii. Numeric or Adjective of number:
Express the number or order of something or someone. Such as one, two, three, ………., first, second, third, ……………, single, double, triple, quadruple, twofold, threefold, five fold, ………… etc.
Example:
- He can eat ten eggs at a time.
- She is the first girl in the class.
- The house owner does not rent the room to the single person.
Adjective of number is to types Definite and Indefinite.
Definite Numeric adjectives are of three kinds.
Such as
- Cardinal (one, two, ….),
- Ordinal (first, second, ……),
- Multiplicative (Single, double, ……..)
iv. Demonstrative Adjective:
Specifies noun or pronoun. Such as this, that, those, these etc.
Example:
- This boy is good.
- That is her room.
- These are the book to follow.
v. Distributive Adjective:
Express the distributive state of nouns. Such as every, each, neither, either, both etc.
Example:
- Every movie in the series is popular.
- Both the boys are appreciated by them.
- Each person will get the reward.
vi. Possessive Adjective:
Shows the possession or belongingness in the sentence. Such as his, her, him, my, our, your, their, etc.
Example:
- This is her cell phone.
- I have seen their house.
- Our house is tow stored house.
vii. Interrogative Adjective:
Interrogative Adjective modifies nouns in interrogative sentence. Such as which, what, whose, etc.
Example:
- What kind of man he is?
- Whose phone is this?
- Which program are you listening?
ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVES : Degree of Comparison
Adjective change in form when they show comparison.
Positive Degree: An adjective is said to be in the positive degree when there is no comparison.
Comparative Degree: An adjective is said to be in the comparative degree when it is used to compare two nouns/pronouns.
Superlative Degree: An adjective is in superlative degree when it is used to compare more than two nouns/pronouns. We use the article 'the' before the superlative degrees.
Formation of Comparative & Superlative Degrees of Adjectives
Adjectives usually form their comparative and superlative degrees:
1) by addition of '-er' and '-est' to the positive degree
| POSITIVE | COMPARATIVE | SUPERLATIVE |
|---|---|---|
| bright | brighter | brightest |
| black | blacker | blackest |
| bold | bolder | boldest |
| clever | cleverer | cleverest |
| cold | colder | coldest |
| fast | faster | fastest |
| great | greater | greatest |
| high | higher | highest |
| kind | kinder | kindest |
| long | longer | longest |
| rich | richer | richest |
| small | smaller | smallest |
| strong | stronger | strongest |
| sweet | sweeter | sweetest |
| tall | taller | tallest |
| thick | thicker | thickest |
| young | younger | youngest |
2) by addition of '-r' and '-st' to the positive degree ending in 'e'
| POSITIVE | COMPARATIVE | SUPERLATIVE |
|---|---|---|
| brave | braver | bravest |
| fine | finer | finest |
| large | larger | largest |
| nice | nicer | nicest |
| noble | nobler | noblest |
| pale | paler | palest |
| simple | simpler | simplest |
| wise | wiser | wisest |
| white | whiter | whitest |
3) When the positive ends in 'y' and has a consonant before it, we change 'y' into 'i' and then add 'er' and 'est'.
| By deleting the final ‘y’ and adding ‘ier’ and ‘iest’ | ||
|---|---|---|
| POSITIVE | COMPARATIVE | SUPERLATIVE |
| costly | costlier | costliest |
| dry | drier | driest |
| easy | easier | easiest |
| happy | happier | happiest |
| heavy | heavier | heaviest |
| lazy | lasier | lasiest |
| mercy | mercier | merciest |
| wealthy | wealthier | wealthiest |
4) when the positive degree ends in a consonant with a vowel before it, we double the consonant & then add '-er' and '-est'
| POSITIVE | COMPARATIVE | SUPERLATIVE |
|---|---|---|
| big | bigger | biggest |
| dim | dimmer | dimmest |
| fat | fatter | fattest |
| hot | hotter | hottest |
| thin | thinner | thinnest |
5) by addition of '-er' and '-est' to the positive degree when it ends in '-y'
| POSITIVE | COMPARATIVE | SUPERLATIVE |
|---|---|---|
| gay | gayer | gayest |
| grey | greyer | greyest |
5) by placing 'more' and 'most' before the positive form
| POSITIVE | COMPARATIVE | SUPERLATIVE |
|---|---|---|
| active | more active | most active |
| attractive | more attractive | most attractive |
| beautiful | more beautiful | most beautiful |
| brilliant | more brilliant | most brilliant |
| careful | more careful | most careful |
| courageous | more courageous | most courageous |
| cunning | more cunning | most cunning |
| difficult | more difficult | most difficult |
| famous | more famous | most famous |
| faithful | more faithful | most faithful |
| important | more important | most important |
| proper | more proper | most proper |
| popular | more popular | most popular |
| splendid | more splendid | most splendid |
| suitable | more suitable | most suitable |
Some adjectives do not follow any of the rules explained earlier. They are compared irregularly. Here are the different forms of such adjectives.
| POSITIVE | COMPARATIVE | SUPERLATIVE |
|---|---|---|
| bad | worse | worst |
| evil | worse | worst |
| good | better | best |
| ill | worse | worst |
| far | farther | farthest |
| well | better | best |
| late | later | latest (time) |
| late | later | last (position) |
| little | less | least |
| much | more | most |
| many | more | most |
| near | nearer | nearest |
| old | older | oldest |
| old | elder | eldest |